{"id":449,"date":"2026-10-26T05:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-10-26T05:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/adesman.ro\/?p=449"},"modified":"2026-10-21T15:46:02","modified_gmt":"2026-10-21T15:46:02","slug":"yabanci-mahkeme-kararlarinin-tenfizi-romanya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/adesman.ro\/tr\/executare-hotarari-straine-romania\/","title":{"rendered":"Yabanc\u0131 Mahkeme Kararlar\u0131n\u0131n Romanya'da Tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ve Tenfizi: Usul, S\u00fcreler ve Belgeler"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda lehinize bir mahkeme karar\u0131 alm\u0131\u015f olman\u0131z, Romanya'da malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunan bir bor\u00e7ludan alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 tahsil edebilece\u011finiz anlam\u0131na tek ba\u015f\u0131na gelmez. Karar\u0131n Romanya'da h\u00fck\u00fcm ifade etmesi ve cebri icraya dayanak olu\u015fturabilmesi i\u00e7in belirli ko\u015fullar\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Uygulanacak usul, karar\u0131n verildi\u011fi devlete ve olaya uygulanan Avrupa veya uluslararas\u0131 kurallara g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fir. Avrupa Birli\u011fi \u00fcye devletlerinde verilen kararlar genel olarak basitle\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir icra rejiminden yararlan\u0131rken, bu alan\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda verilen kararlar i\u00e7in Romanya mahkemelerince tan\u0131nma veya tenfiz karar\u0131 verilmesi gerekebilir. Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k mahkemelerinin kararlar\u0131nda ise uygulanacak usul\u00fcn belirlenmesi, davan\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihin ve uygulanabilir uluslararas\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin incelenmesini de gerektirir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<aside class=\"tldr\" data-adesman aria-labelledby=\"tldr1\"><div class=\"tldr__head\"><p class=\"tldr__title\" id=\"tldr1\">K\u0131saca<\/p><\/div><ul class=\"tldr__list\" role=\"list\"><li style=\"--i:0\"><svg class=\"tldr__tick\" viewbox=\"0 0 20 20\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M4.5 10.5l3.6 3.6L15.5 6\"\/><\/svg><span>AB \u00fcye devletlerinde verilen kararlar, Br\u00fcksel I bis T\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc'nde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen sertifikaya dayan\u0131larak tenfiz karar\u0131na (exequatur) gerek olmaks\u0131z\u0131n icra edilir.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"--i:1\"><svg class=\"tldr__tick\" viewbox=\"0 0 20 20\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M4.5 10.5l3.6 3.6L15.5 6\"\/><\/svg><span>\u0130svi\u00e7re, Norve\u00e7 ve \u0130zlanda'da verilen kararlar i\u00e7in Lugano S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi uyar\u0131nca icra edilebilirlik beyan\u0131 (declara\u021bie de executorialitate) gerekir.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"--i:2\"><svg class=\"tldr__tick\" viewbox=\"0 0 20 20\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M4.5 10.5l3.6 3.6L15.5 6\"\/><\/svg><span>Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k kararlar\u0131nda davan\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarih belirleyicidir: 1 Temmuz 2025'ten sonra a\u00e7\u0131lan davalarda 2019 Lahey S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi uygulan\u0131r.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"--i:3\"><svg class=\"tldr__tick\" viewbox=\"0 0 20 20\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M4.5 10.5l3.6 3.6L15.5 6\"\/><\/svg><span>D\u00fcnyan\u0131n geri kalan\u0131ndan gelen kararlar, Romanya Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu veya uygulanabilir ikili antla\u015fma uyar\u0131nca ancak Romanya'daki tribunalin (il d\u00fczeyindeki mahkeme) tenfiz karar\u0131ndan (exequatur) sonra icra edilebilir.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"--i:4\"><svg class=\"tldr__tick\" viewbox=\"0 0 20 20\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M4.5 10.5l3.6 3.6L15.5 6\"\/><\/svg><span>Romanya mahkemesi uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n esas\u0131n\u0131 yeniden yarg\u0131lamaz; yaln\u0131zca kanunda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen ko\u015fullar\u0131 denetler.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"--i:5\"><svg class=\"tldr__tick\" viewbox=\"0 0 20 20\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M4.5 10.5l3.6 3.6L15.5 6\"\/><\/svg><span>\u0130htiyati tedbir niteli\u011findeki veya ge\u00e7ici icra kabiliyetiyle verilmi\u015f yabanc\u0131 kararlar tenfiz yoluyla icra edilemez.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/aside>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1-recunoastere-sau-executare-care-e-diferenta\">1. Tan\u0131ma m\u0131, tenfiz mi: fark nedir?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bir ger\u00e7ek veya t\u00fczel ki\u015fi, Romanya'daki bir bor\u00e7luya kar\u015f\u0131 lehine bir karar elde etti\u011finde, ilk ad\u0131m karar\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcm ifade etmesi ve alaca\u011f\u0131n tahsili i\u00e7in hangi i\u015flemlerin gerekli oldu\u011funu belirlemektir. Amaca g\u00f6re, yabanc\u0131 karar\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ile cebri icras\u0131 aras\u0131nda ayr\u0131m yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph translation-block\"><strong>Tan\u0131ma<\/strong>, yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda verilmi\u015f bir karar\u0131n, kanundaki ko\u015fullar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde kesin h\u00fck\u00fcm etkisi de dahil olmak \u00fczere Romanya'da hukuki sonu\u00e7 do\u011furmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Tan\u0131ma, ayr\u0131 bir taleple istenebilece\u011fi gibi Romanya mahkemesinde g\u00f6r\u00fclmekte olan bir davada da ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph translation-block\"><strong>Tenfiz<\/strong>, kararla belirlenen y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerin fiilen yerine getirilmesini ama\u00e7lar. Bor\u00e7lu y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerini r\u0131zas\u0131yla yerine getirmezse alacakl\u0131, kanundaki ko\u015fullar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde banka hesaplar\u0131n\u0131n haczi, ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r veya ta\u015f\u0131nmaz mallar \u00fczerinde icra takibi ya da bor\u00e7lunun di\u011fer varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n paraya \u00e7evrilmesi gibi yollara ba\u015fvurabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu iki i\u015flem birbiriyle yak\u0131ndan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r, ancak ayn\u0131 \u015fey de\u011fildir. Uygulanacak usul, karar\u0131n verildi\u011fi devlete ve karar\u0131n Romanya'da tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ile tenfizini d\u00fczenleyen kurallara ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu nedenle alaca\u011f\u0131n tahsiline y\u00f6nelik i\u015flemlere ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce ilgili karara uygulanacak hukuki rejimin belirlenmesi \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-hotararile-din-uniunea-europeana-executare-fara-exequatur\">2. Avrupa Birli\u011fi'nde verilen kararlar: tenfiz karar\u0131 (exequatur) gerekmeksizin icra<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph translation-block\">Di\u011fer Avrupa Birli\u011fi \u00fcye devletlerinde hukuki ve ticari konularda verilen kararlar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan uygulanacak temel hukuki ara\u00e7, Br\u00fcksel I bis T\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olarak bilinen <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/RO\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32012R1215\">(AB) 1215\/2012 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcz\u00fck<\/a>'t\u00fcr (\u201c<strong>T\u00fcz\u00fck<\/strong>\u201d). T\u00fcz\u00fck, kapsam\u0131na giren kararlar i\u00e7in tenfiz (exequatur) prosed\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece, verildi\u011fi devlette icra kabiliyetine sahip bir karar, icra kabiliyetinin \u00f6nceden tan\u0131nmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik bir prosed\u00fcre gerek olmaks\u0131z\u0131n Romanya'da icra edilebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tenfiz prosed\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 alacakl\u0131n\u0131n i\u015flemlerini kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r, ancak cebri icran\u0131n hi\u00e7bir \u015fekli \u015farta tabi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmez. Romanya'da icra talep edebilmek i\u00e7in alacakl\u0131n\u0131n, karar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekli\u011fini tespit i\u00e7in gerekli ko\u015fullar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan bir \u00f6rne\u011fini ve men\u015fe mahkemesince d\u00fczenlenen, T\u00fcz\u00fck'\u00fcn 53. maddesinde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen sertifikay\u0131 sunmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Belgeler, Romanya'daki cebri icra prosed\u00fcr\u00fc \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde sunulur. Sertifika, T\u00fcz\u00fck'te \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen ko\u015fullar dahilinde, ilk icra i\u015fleminden \u00f6nce bor\u00e7luya tebli\u011f edilmelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130cra bundan sonra, icra mahkemesince cebri icraya izin verilmesine (\u00eencuviin\u021barea execut\u0103rii silite) ili\u015fkin kurallar da dahil olmak \u00fczere Romanya usul kurallar\u0131na g\u00f6re y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcr. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla tenfiz karar\u0131na gerek olmamas\u0131, bu a\u015faman\u0131n ulusal usulden kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feklinde anla\u015f\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bor\u00e7lu, icran\u0131n reddini yaln\u0131zca T\u00fcz\u00fck'te \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen sebeplere dayanarak talep edebilir. Bu sebepler aras\u0131nda, \u00f6rne\u011fin, icran\u0131n Romanya kamu d\u00fczenine a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmas\u0131 veya karar\u0131n, dava a\u00e7an belge bor\u00e7luya savunmas\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlamas\u0131na imk\u00e2n verecek \u015fekilde ve zaman\u0131nda tebli\u011f edilmeden g\u0131yab\u0131nda verilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 yer al\u0131r. Romanya mahkemesi yabanc\u0131 karar\u0131n esas\u0131n\u0131 yeniden inceleyemez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"titlul-executoriu-european-somatia-europeana-de-plata-si-cererile-cu-valoare-redusa\">Avrupa \u0130cra Emri, Avrupa \u00d6deme Emri ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck alacaklar<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kararlar\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ve tenfizine ili\u015fkin genel kurallar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Avrupa Birli\u011fi hukuku, kendi kapsamlar\u0131na giren durumlarda alacaklar\u0131n tahsilini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelik usul ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 da alacakl\u0131lar\u0131n hizmetine sunar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph translation-block\">Bunlar aras\u0131nda <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/RO\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32004R0805\">(AT) 805\/2004 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcz\u00fck<\/a> ile d\u00fczenlenen, itiraz edilmemi\u015f alacaklara ili\u015fkin Avrupa \u0130cra Emri; <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/RO\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32006R1896\">(AT) 1896\/2006 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcz\u00fck<\/a> ile \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen Avrupa \u00d6deme Emri ve <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/RO\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32007R0861\">(AT) 861\/2007 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcz\u00fck<\/a> ile d\u00fczenlenen Avrupa K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Alacaklar Usul\u00fc yer al\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bu ara\u00e7lar, her bir t\u00fcz\u00fckte \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen ko\u015fullar dahilinde, ba\u015fka bir \u00fcye devlette ola\u011fan tenfiz prosed\u00fcr\u00fc izlenmeksizin bir karar\u0131n elde edilmesine veya icras\u0131na imk\u00e2n tan\u0131r. Ancak icran\u0131n kendisi, bor\u00e7lunun mallar\u0131n\u0131n takip edildi\u011fi devlette uygulanan usul kurallar\u0131na tabi olmaya devam eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"3-hotararile-din-elvetia-norvegia-si-islanda-conventia-de-la-lugano\">3. \u0130svi\u00e7re, Norve\u00e7 ve \u0130zlanda'da verilen kararlar: Lugano S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0130svi\u00e7re, Norve\u00e7 ve \u0130zlanda'da hukuki ve ticari konularda verilen kararlar\u0131n Romanya'da tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ve tenfizi 2007 Lugano S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ile d\u00fczenlenir. Avrupa Birli\u011fi \u00fcye devletlerinin \u00e7o\u011funda verilen kararlara uygulanan rejimden farkl\u0131 olarak bu S\u00f6zle\u015fme, \u00f6nceden icra edilebilirlik beyan\u0131 al\u0131nmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik bir prosed\u00fcr\u00fc korumaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alacakl\u0131, Romanya'daki yetkili tribunalden (bor\u00e7lunun yerle\u015fim yerindeki veya merkezindeki ya da icran\u0131n yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 yerdeki tribunal) karar\u0131n icra edilebilir oldu\u011funun beyan edilmesini talep etmelidir. Talebe yabanc\u0131 karar, S\u00f6zle\u015fme'nin V say\u0131l\u0131 ekinde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen sertifika ve S\u00f6zle\u015fme'nin arad\u0131\u011f\u0131 di\u011fer belgeler eklenir. \u0130lk a\u015famada tribunal, bor\u00e7luya talep hakk\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f bildirme imk\u00e2n\u0131 tan\u0131maks\u0131z\u0131n gerekli \u015fekil \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n yerine getirilip getirilmedi\u011fini denetler. Bor\u00e7lu, icra edilebilirlik beyan\u0131na daha sonra S\u00f6zle\u015fme'de \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen ko\u015fullar ve s\u00fcreler dahilinde itiraz edebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Prosed\u00fcr\u00fcn s\u00fcresi yetkili mahkemeye, belgelerin eksiksiz olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve olas\u0131 itirazlara ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Davan\u0131n ko\u015fullar\u0131na g\u00f6re alacakl\u0131, icra i\u015flemleri tamamlanana kadar bor\u00e7lunun mallar\u0131n\u0131 korumak amac\u0131yla Romanya'da ihtiyati tedbir talep etme imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131 da de\u011ferlendirebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"4-hotararile-din-marea-britanie-dupa-brexit\">4. Brexit sonras\u0131nda Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k kararlar\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Brexit'ten sonra, Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k'ta verilen kararlar\u0131n Romanya'da tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ve tenfizi, davan\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihe ve uygulanabilir uluslararas\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelere ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Baz\u0131 durumlarda m\u00fcnhas\u0131r bir yetki s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarih de \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th>Davan\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarih<\/th><th>Romanya'da uygulanacak rejim<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>1 Ocak 2021'den \u00f6nce<\/td><td>Ayr\u0131lma Anla\u015fmas\u0131 uyar\u0131nca Br\u00fcksel I bis T\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc: tenfiz karar\u0131 gerekmeksizin icra<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1 Ocak 2021 ile 30 Haziran 2025 aras\u0131nda<\/td><td>\u0130ngiliz mahkemeleri lehine m\u00fcnhas\u0131r yetki \u015fart\u0131 varsa 2005 Lahey S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi; aksi halde Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu uyar\u0131nca tenfiz<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1 Temmuz 2025'ten sonra<\/td><td>2019 Lahey S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi; m\u00fcnhas\u0131r yetki \u015fart\u0131 varsa 2005 Lahey S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph translation-block\"><strong>Mahkeme Se\u00e7imi Anla\u015fmalar\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin 2005 Lahey S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi<\/strong>, esas olarak taraflar\u0131n m\u00fcnhas\u0131r yetki s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hukuki ve ticari uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klara uygulan\u0131r. S\u00f6zle\u015fme, bir \u0130ngiliz mahkemesince verilen her karar\u0131 kapsamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi ge\u00e7ici veya ihtiyati tedbirleri de kapsamaz. 1 Ocak 2021'den \u00f6nce yap\u0131lan yetki s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, S\u00f6zle\u015fme'nin zaman bak\u0131m\u0131ndan uygulanmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin olarak Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k'\u0131n tutumu ile Avrupa Birli\u011fi kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n ifade etti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f aras\u0131nda farkl\u0131l\u0131k bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle yetki \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarih her somut olayda ayr\u0131ca incelenmelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph translation-block\"><strong>Hukuki veya Ticari Konulardaki Yabanc\u0131 Mahkeme Kararlar\u0131n\u0131n Tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ve Tenfizine \u0130li\u015fkin 2019 Lahey S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi<\/strong>, Avrupa Birli\u011fi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan 1 Eyl\u00fcl 2023'te, Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ise 1 Temmuz 2025'te y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmi\u015ftir. S\u00f6zle\u015fme'nin uygulanmas\u0131, kapsam\u0131na ve men\u015fe devletteki yarg\u0131laman\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihe ili\u015fkin olanlar da dahil olmak \u00fczere S\u00f6zle\u015fme'deki ko\u015fullar\u0131n yerine getirilmesini gerektirir. S\u00f6zle\u015fme, elveri\u015fli kararlar\u0131n hangi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlere g\u00f6re tan\u0131n\u0131p tenfiz edilebilece\u011fini ve tan\u0131ma veya tenfizin hangi sebeplerle reddedilebilece\u011fini belirler. \u0130cra usul\u00fcn\u00fcn kendisi ise talep edilen devletin hukukuna tabidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Romanya'da icra i\u015flemlerine ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce davan\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarih, varsa yetki \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n tarihi ve i\u00e7eri\u011fi ile karara uygulanacak hukuki ara\u00e7 belirlenmelidir. Gerekli belgeleri ve izlenecek usul\u00fc bu inceleme belirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"adesman-cta-lead wp-block-paragraph\">Romanyal\u0131 bir bor\u00e7luya kar\u015f\u0131 Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k'ta verilmi\u015f bir karar\u0131n\u0131z m\u0131 var? Hangi rejimin uygulanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve hangi belgelerin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini size s\u00f6yleyelim.<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"cta-line\"><a class=\"btn\" href=\"https:\/\/adesman.ro\/tr\/iletisim\/\"><span class=\"btn__label\">G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme planlay\u0131n<\/span><span class=\"btn__icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M5 12h13M13 6l6 6-6 6\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"5-hotararile-din-afara-europei-regimul-general-si-procedura-aplicabila\">5. Avrupa d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda verilen kararlar: genel rejim ve uygulanacak usul<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bir Avrupa t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, uluslararas\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme veya uygulanabilir bir ikili antla\u015fma ile d\u00fczenlenmeyen \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc devlet kararlar\u0131na Romanya Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu'nun (C.pr.civ.) VII. Kitab\u0131ndaki kurallar (md. 1094\u20131110) uygulan\u0131r. Genel rejimde karar do\u011frudan icraya konulamaz: alacakl\u0131n\u0131n, icran\u0131n yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 yerin yarg\u0131 \u00e7evresindeki tribunalden tenfiz karar\u0131 almas\u0131 gerekir. Bu rejim uygulanmadan \u00f6nce Romanya'n\u0131n men\u015fe devletle uygulanabilir bir ikili belgesinin bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kontrol edilmelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"conditiile-recunoasterii-si-ale-executarii\">Tan\u0131ma ve tenfizin ko\u015fullar\u0131<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C.pr.civ. md. 1096 uyar\u0131nca, C.pr.civ. md. 1095 uyar\u0131nca kendili\u011finden tan\u0131nmayan kararlar, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00fc\u00e7 ko\u015fulun birlikte sa\u011flanmas\u0131 halinde tan\u0131nabilir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>karar\u0131n, verildi\u011fi devletin hukukuna g\u00f6re kesinle\u015fmi\u015f olmas\u0131;<\/li>\n\n\n<li>karar\u0131 veren mahkemenin o devletin hukukuna g\u00f6re yetkili olmas\u0131 ve yetkinin yaln\u0131zca daval\u0131n\u0131n veya daval\u0131ya ait olup uyu\u015fmazl\u0131kla do\u011frudan ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 bulunmayan mallar\u0131n o devlette bulunmas\u0131na dayanmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131;<\/li>\n\n\n<li>yabanc\u0131 kararlar\u0131n etkileri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Romanya ile yabanc\u0131 mahkemenin bulundu\u011fu devlet aras\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k bulunmas\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Karar, davay\u0131 kaybeden taraf\u0131n yoklu\u011funda verilmi\u015fse, esasa ili\u015fkin duru\u015fma g\u00fcn\u00fcne ait davetiyenin ve dava a\u00e7an belgenin bu tarafa zaman\u0131nda tebli\u011f edildi\u011fi ve kendisine savunma yapma ve kanun yoluna ba\u015fvurma imk\u00e2n\u0131 tan\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tenfiz karar\u0131 i\u00e7in C.pr.civ. md. 1104 ayr\u0131ca karar\u0131n verildi\u011fi devletin hukukuna g\u00f6re icra kabiliyetine sahip olmas\u0131 ko\u015fulunu arar; C.pr.civ. md. 1105 uyar\u0131nca talebe icra kabiliyetinin kan\u0131t\u0131 da eklenmelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"motivele-de-refuz\">Ret sebepleri<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C.pr.civ. md. 1097 uyar\u0131nca yabanc\u0131 karar\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sebeplerden herhangi biriyle reddedilebilir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>karar\u0131n Romanya milletleraras\u0131 \u00f6zel hukuku bak\u0131m\u0131ndan kamu d\u00fczenine a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmas\u0131; bu ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6zellikle davan\u0131n Romanya hukuk d\u00fczeniyle ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n yo\u011funlu\u011fu ve do\u011fan sonucun a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 dikkate al\u0131narak de\u011ferlendirilir;<\/li>\n\n\n<li>ki\u015filerin \u00fczerinde serbest\u00e7e tasarruf edemedikleri haklara ili\u015fkin bir konuda verilen karar\u0131n, yaln\u0131zca davay\u0131 Romanya milletleraras\u0131 \u00f6zel hukukuna g\u00f6re uygulanmas\u0131 gereken hukukun etkisinden ka\u00e7\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla elde edilmi\u015f olmas\u0131;<\/li>\n\n\n<li>ayn\u0131 taraflar aras\u0131ndaki davan\u0131n, kesinle\u015fmemi\u015f olsa bile Romanya mahkemelerinin bir karar\u0131yla \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131 veya yabanc\u0131 mahkemeye ba\u015fvuruldu\u011fu tarihte Romanya mahkemelerinde g\u00f6r\u00fclmekte olmas\u0131;<\/li>\n\n\n<li>karar\u0131n, kendisinden \u00f6nce yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda verilmi\u015f ve Romanya'da tan\u0131nabilecek nitelikteki bir kararla ba\u011fda\u015fmaz olmas\u0131;<\/li>\n\n\n<li>davaya bakma yetkisinin m\u00fcnhas\u0131ran Romanya mahkemelerine ait olmas\u0131;<\/li>\n\n\n<li>savunma hakk\u0131n\u0131n ihlal edilmi\u015f olmas\u0131;<\/li>\n\n\n<li>karar\u0131n, verildi\u011fi devlette kanun yoluna konu olabilecek durumda olmas\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"instanta-competenta-si-procedura\">Yetkili mahkeme ve usul<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tenfiz talebi, icran\u0131n yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 yerin yarg\u0131 \u00e7evresindeki tribunale sunulur (C.pr.civ. md. 1103).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph translation-block\">Tribunal yaln\u0131zca kanuni ko\u015fullar\u0131 denetler. C.pr.civ. md. 1098 uyar\u0131nca Romanya mahkemesi yabanc\u0131 karar\u0131 esas y\u00f6n\u00fcnden <strong>inceleyemez<\/strong> ve karar\u0131 <strong>de\u011fi\u015ftiremez<\/strong>. Tenfiz talebi hakk\u0131nda verilen karara kar\u015f\u0131, \u00f6zel bir h\u00fck\u00fcm bulunmad\u0131k\u00e7a, tebli\u011fden itibaren 30 g\u00fcnl\u00fck genel s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde istinaf yoluna ba\u015fvurulabilir. C.pr.civ. md. 1107 uyar\u0131nca icra edilebilir belge, tenfize ili\u015fkin kesinle\u015fmi\u015f karara dayan\u0131larak d\u00fczenlenir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"ce-nu-se-poate-executa\">Neler icra edilemez<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C.pr.civ. md. 1103 (2). f\u0131kras\u0131, ihtiyati tedbir niteli\u011findeki yabanc\u0131 kararlar\u0131n ve ge\u00e7ici icra kabiliyetiyle verilmi\u015f kararlar\u0131n genel rejim yoluyla Romanya'da icraya konulamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcr. Bu kural, kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcmler i\u00e7erebilecek Avrupa veya s\u00f6zle\u015fmesel rejimlere otomatik olarak geni\u015fletilmemelidir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri'ndeki bir mahkemenin verdi\u011fi ihtiyati haciz karar\u0131, salt varl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Romanya'daki hesaplar\u0131 bloke etmez; kanuni ko\u015fullar sa\u011flan\u0131yorsa alacakl\u0131, Romanya mahkemesinden ihtiyati tedbir talep etmeyi de\u011ferlendirebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"tratatele-bilaterale\">\u0130kili antla\u015fmalar<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Avrupa Birli\u011fi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda verilmi\u015f bir karar\u0131n Romanya'da tan\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 veya tenfizini talep etmeden \u00f6nce, Romanya ile men\u015fe devlet aras\u0131nda bu usul\u00fc d\u00fczenleyen bir ikili antla\u015fma bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kontrol edilmelidir. B\u00f6yle bir belge, tan\u0131maya ili\u015fkin \u00f6zel ko\u015fullar, ret sebepleri ve Romanya mahkemesine sunulmas\u0131 gereken belgeleri belirleyebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph translation-block\">Bu konuda \u00f6nemli bir \u00f6rnek, 28 Eyl\u00fcl 2005'te imzalanan ve Romanya'da 214\/2006 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun ile onaylanan <strong>T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti ile Romanya Aras\u0131nda Hukuki Konularda Adli Yard\u0131mla\u015fma Anla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong>'d\u0131r. Anla\u015fma ticari uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klara da uygulan\u0131r ve iki devlette verilen mahkeme kararlar\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ve tenfizini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a d\u00fczenler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Anla\u015fma'n\u0131n 17\u201320. maddeleri uyar\u0131nca karar\u0131n, verildi\u011fi devlette kesinle\u015fmi\u015f ve icra kabiliyetine sahip olmas\u0131 gerekir. Tan\u0131ma veya tenfiz; kamu d\u00fczenine ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k, savunma hakk\u0131na uyulmamas\u0131 ya da talep edilen devlet mahkemelerinin m\u00fcnhas\u0131r yetkisinin ihlali gibi sebeplerle reddedilebilir. Talep do\u011frudan Romanya'daki yetkili mahkemeye sunulur ve talebe di\u011ferlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra kesinle\u015fmi\u015f ve icra kabiliyetine sahip karar\u0131n tam ve onayl\u0131 \u00f6rne\u011fi, gerekiyorsa gelmeyen taraf\u0131n usul\u00fcne uygun olarak davet edildi\u011finin kan\u0131t\u0131 ve Anla\u015fma'da \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen onayl\u0131 terc\u00fcmeler eklenmelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Uygulamada \u00f6nemli bir husus, Anla\u015fma'n\u0131n 12. maddesinin, iki devletten birinde d\u00fczenlenen veya onaylan\u0131p resm\u00ee olarak m\u00fch\u00fcrlenen belgeleri, di\u011fer devletin adli makamlar\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen i\u015flemlerde tasdikten muaf tutmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph translation-block\">Bir di\u011fer \u00f6rnek, 16 Ocak 1991'de Pekin'de imzalanan ve 12\/1992 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun ile onaylanan <strong>Romanya ile \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti Aras\u0131nda Hukuki ve Cezai Konularda Adli Yard\u0131mla\u015fma Antla\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong>'d\u0131r. Antla\u015fma, uygulanacak belgedeki ko\u015fullar dahilinde, ticari konulardakiler de dahil olmak \u00fczere hukuki kararlar\u0131n ve hakem kararlar\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ve tenfizini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a d\u00fczenler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">21\u201325. maddeler uyar\u0131nca Antla\u015fma kapsam\u0131na giren kararlar, Antla\u015fma'da \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen ko\u015fullar\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 halinde di\u011fer devlette tan\u0131nabilir ve tenfiz edilebilir. Ret sebepleri aras\u0131nda karar\u0131n men\u015fe devlette hukuki etki veya icra kabiliyeti ta\u015f\u0131mamas\u0131, mahkemenin Antla\u015fma kurallar\u0131na g\u00f6re yetkisiz olmas\u0131 ve savunma hakk\u0131n\u0131n ihlali yer al\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"6-ce-documente-trebuie-pregatite\">6. Hangi belgeler haz\u0131rlanmal\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ba\u015ftan eksiksiz haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f bir dosya prosed\u00fcr\u00fc k\u0131salt\u0131r. Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu'nun genel rejiminde tan\u0131ma i\u00e7in gerekli belgeler md. 1100'de \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr; tenfiz talebine ayr\u0131ca md. 1105 uyar\u0131nca icra kabiliyetinin kan\u0131t\u0131 da eklenmelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>yabanc\u0131 karar\u0131n \u00f6rne\u011fi;<\/li>\n\n\n<li>karar\u0131n kesinle\u015fti\u011finin kan\u0131t\u0131;<\/li>\n\n\n<li>karar, aleyhine ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc taraf\u0131n yoklu\u011funda verilmi\u015fse, davetiyenin ve dava a\u00e7an belgenin tebli\u011f edildi\u011fine dair belgenin \u00f6rne\u011fi veya bunlar\u0131n zaman\u0131nda \u00f6\u011frenildi\u011fini g\u00f6steren ba\u015fka bir resm\u00ee belge;<\/li>\n\n\n<li>kanuni ko\u015fullar\u0131n yerine getirildi\u011fini kan\u0131tlamaya elveri\u015fli di\u011fer her t\u00fcrl\u00fc belge;<\/li>\n\n\n<li>ilgili belgelerin Romenceye yeminli (onayl\u0131) terc\u00fcmeleri;<\/li>\n\n\n<li>kanun ve uygulanabilir uluslararas\u0131 belgeler uyar\u0131nca gerekiyorsa apostil veya tasdik (\u00fcst tasdik); bu \u015fekil \u015fartlar\u0131 her durumda zorunlu de\u011fildir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Br\u00fcksel I bis T\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kapsam\u0131na giren bir karar i\u00e7in alacakl\u0131, karar\u0131n \u00f6rne\u011fini ve 53. maddede \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen sertifikay\u0131, T\u00fcz\u00fck uyar\u0131nca gerekli oldu\u011fu hallerde terc\u00fcmeleriyle birlikte sunar. T\u00fcz\u00fck'te \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen belgeler i\u00e7in tasdik veya benzeri \u015fekil \u015fartlar\u0131 aranmaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"7-cat-dureaza-si-cat-costa\">7. Ne kadar s\u00fcrer ve maliyeti nedir<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S\u00fcre, uygulanacak rejime, yetkili mahkemeye ve bor\u00e7lunun olas\u0131 itiraz\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>AB karar\u0131<\/strong>: T\u00fcz\u00fck kapsam\u0131na giren kararlarda icra, \u00f6nceden tenfiz prosed\u00fcr\u00fc gerektirmez; icran\u0131n s\u00fcresi ulusal \u015fekil \u015fartlar\u0131na ve somut ko\u015fullara ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Lugano S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi kapsam\u0131ndaki karar<\/strong>: icra edilebilirlik beyan\u0131 prosed\u00fcr\u00fc gereklidir.<\/li>\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu uyar\u0131nca tenfiz<\/strong>: tribunalin tenfiz karar\u0131 vermesi gerekir ve bu karara kar\u015f\u0131 istinaf yoluna ba\u015fvurulabilir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Masraflar yarg\u0131 harc\u0131n\u0131, yeminli terc\u00fcmeleri, apostil veya tasdiki, icra memurunun (executor judec\u0103toresc) \u00fccretini ve hukuki destek \u00fccretini kapsayabilir. Cebri icraya izin talebi, yarg\u0131 har\u00e7lar\u0131na ili\u015fkin 80\/2013 say\u0131l\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fcmet Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc Kararnamesi'nin (O.U.G.) 10. maddesinin (1). f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n (a) bendi uyar\u0131nca her icra edilebilir belge i\u00e7in 20 ley harca tabidir. Bu har\u00e7, yabanc\u0131 bir karar\u0131n tenfizi talebine ili\u015fkin har\u00e7tan ay\u0131rt edilmelidir; s\u00f6z konusu har\u00e7, talebin konusuna ve uygulanacak hukuki rejime g\u00f6re belirlenir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bor\u00e7lunun itiraz\u0131 veya eksik belgeler prosed\u00fcr\u00fc aylarca uzatabilir; bu nedenle dosyan\u0131n, bor\u00e7lunun ileri s\u00fcrebilece\u011fi ret sebeplerine \u00f6nceden cevap verecek \u015fekilde haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 tavsiye edilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"8-dupa-exequatur-executarea-silita-in-romania\">8. Tenfizden sonra: Romanya'da cebri icra<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Karar Romanya'da icra kabiliyeti kazand\u0131ktan sonra icra, Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu'nun ola\u011fan kurallar\u0131na g\u00f6re y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcr. Alacakl\u0131 bir icra memuru se\u00e7er; icra memuru:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>bor\u00e7lunun banka hesaplar\u0131na ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filerin bor\u00e7luya bor\u00e7lu oldu\u011fu tutarlara haciz koyabilir;<\/li>\n\n\n<li>bor\u00e7lunun ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r ve ta\u015f\u0131nmaz mallar\u0131 \u00fczerinde icra takibi yapabilir;<\/li>\n\n\n<li>bankalara, tapu siciline ve di\u011fer sicillere yap\u0131lan sorgulamalarla bor\u00e7lunun mallar\u0131n\u0131 tespit edebilir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"masurile-asiguratorii-in-timpul-procedurii\">Prosed\u00fcr s\u0131ras\u0131nda ihtiyati tedbirler<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Prosed\u00fcrden haberdar olan bir bor\u00e7lu, paras\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015fka yere aktarmaya veya mallar\u0131n\u0131 devretmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilir. Alacakl\u0131, tenfiz prosed\u00fcr\u00fc devam ederken bile Romanya mahkemesinden ihtiyati haciz veya \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fideki alacaklar ve hesaplar \u00fczerine ihtiyati haciz gibi ihtiyati tedbirler talep edebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C.pr.civ. md. 1103 uyar\u0131nca, ihtiyati tedbir niteli\u011findeki yabanc\u0131 kararlar ve ge\u00e7ici icra kabiliyetiyle verilmi\u015f kararlar Romanya topraklar\u0131nda icraya konulamaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"prescriptia\">Zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cebri icra talep etme hakk\u0131 zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131na tabidir. Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu'nun genel rejiminde bu s\u00fcre, kanunda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen istisnalar sakl\u0131 kalmak \u00fczere, kural olarak 3 y\u0131ld\u0131r. C.pr.civ. md. 1101, yabanc\u0131 karar\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 talebinin cebri icra hakk\u0131na ili\u015fkin zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kesece\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"daca-debitorul-este-in-insolventa\">Bor\u00e7lu iflas (insolven\u021b\u0103) halindeyse<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bor\u00e7lu hakk\u0131nda iflas (insolven\u021b\u0103) prosed\u00fcr\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131rsa ferdi icra takipleri durur. Yabanc\u0131 alacakl\u0131, alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iflas h\u00e2kiminin (judec\u0103tor-sindic) belirledi\u011fi s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde alacakl\u0131lar tablosuna kaydettirmelidir. Yabanc\u0131 karar, alaca\u011f\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir kan\u0131t\u0131 olmaya devam eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"adesman-cta-lead wp-block-paragraph\">Bor\u00e7lunun hesaplar\u0131n\u0131, paras\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015fka yere aktarmadan \u00f6nce bloke ettirmek mi istiyorsunuz? \u0130htiyati tedbir imk\u00e2nlar\u0131n\u0131 sizin i\u00e7in de\u011ferlendirelim.<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"cta-line\"><a class=\"btn\" href=\"https:\/\/adesman.ro\/tr\/iletisim\/\"><span class=\"btn__label\">Bize ula\u015f\u0131n<\/span><span class=\"btn__icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M5 12h13M13 6l6 6-6 6\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"9-concluzii\">9. Sonu\u00e7<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lehinize sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015f bir yabanc\u0131 karar Romanya'da kendili\u011finden paraya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmez. Alacakl\u0131n\u0131n bor\u00e7lunun mallar\u0131na ne kadar h\u0131zl\u0131 ula\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 unsur belirler:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Karar\u0131n men\u015fe devleti.<\/strong> AB kararlar\u0131 i\u00e7in tenfiz karar\u0131 gerekmez. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n geri kalan\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nce tribunalden tenfiz karar\u0131 al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/li>\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Ba\u015ftan eksiksiz bir dosya.<\/strong> Kesinle\u015fme ve icra kabiliyeti kan\u0131t\u0131, tebligat kan\u0131t\u0131, terc\u00fcmeler ve apostil ertelemelerin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7er.<\/li>\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Prosed\u00fcr s\u0131ras\u0131nda malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131.<\/strong> Zaman\u0131nda talep edilen ihtiyati tedbirler, bor\u00e7lunun hesaplar\u0131n\u0131 bo\u015faltmas\u0131n\u0131 engeller.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"intrebari-frecvente\">S\u0131k\u00e7a sorulan sorular<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"trebuie-obtinut-exequatur-pentru-o-hotarare-germana-franceza-sau-spaniola\">Alman, Frans\u0131z veya \u0130spanyol bir mahkeme karar\u0131 i\u00e7in tenfiz karar\u0131 (exequatur) almak gerekir mi?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hay\u0131r. AB \u00fcye devletlerinde 10 Ocak 2015 ve sonras\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131lan davalarda verilen kararlar Romanya'da tenfiz karar\u0131 gerekmeksizin icra edilir. Alacakl\u0131n\u0131n karara ve Br\u00fcksel I bis T\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc'n\u00fcn 53. maddesinde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen sertifikaya ihtiyac\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"cum-se-executa-in-romania-o-hotarare-din-marea-britanie-dupa-brexit\">Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k'ta verilen bir karar Brexit sonras\u0131nda Romanya'da nas\u0131l icra edilir?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Davan\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihe ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. 1 Temmuz 2025'ten sonra a\u00e7\u0131lan davalarda 2019 Lahey S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi uygulan\u0131r. 2021 ile Haziran 2025 aras\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131lan davalarda, m\u00fcnhas\u0131r yetki \u015fart\u0131 varsa 2005 Lahey S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, yoksa Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu'ndaki tenfiz prosed\u00fcr\u00fc uygulan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"ce-instanta-judeca-cererea-de-exequatur\">Tenfiz talebine hangi mahkeme bakar?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu'nun 1103. maddesi uyar\u0131nca, icran\u0131n yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 yerin yarg\u0131 \u00e7evresindeki tribunal. Bu, kural olarak bor\u00e7lunun merkezinin veya mallar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu yerdeki tribunaldir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"poate-instanta-romana-sa-rejudece-fondul-litigiului\">Romanya mahkemesi uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n esas\u0131n\u0131 yeniden yarg\u0131layabilir mi?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hay\u0131r. Mahkeme yaln\u0131zca tan\u0131ma ve tenfizin kanuni ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 denetler. Yabanc\u0131 karar\u0131n esas\u0131n\u0131 yeniden inceleyemez ve karar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftiremez (C.pr.civ. md. 1098).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"ce-documente-trebuie-traduse-si-apostilate\">Hangi belgelerin terc\u00fcme ettirilmesi ve apostil \u015ferhi al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekir?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Karar, kesinle\u015fme ve icra kabiliyeti kan\u0131t\u0131 ve gerekiyorsa bor\u00e7lunun davet edildi\u011finin kan\u0131t\u0131. Bunlar\u0131n tamam\u0131 Romenceye yeminli terc\u00fcman taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7evrilir. Apostil veya tasdik men\u015fe devlete ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r; AB kararlar\u0131 i\u00e7in apostil gerekmez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"se-poate-executa-o-hotarare-straina-care-nu-e-inca-definitiva\">Hen\u00fcz kesinle\u015fmemi\u015f bir yabanc\u0131 karar icra edilebilir mi?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">AB d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda verilen kararlar i\u00e7in genel olarak hay\u0131r: karar\u0131n men\u015fe devlette kesinle\u015fmi\u015f ve icra kabiliyetine sahip olmas\u0131 gerekir. Ge\u00e7ici icra kabiliyetiyle verilmi\u015f kararlar tenfiz yoluyla icra edilemez. AB kararlar\u0131nda ise karar\u0131n men\u015fe devlette icra kabiliyetine sahip olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirleyicidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"pot-bloca-bunurile-debitorului-inainte-de-finalizarea-exequaturului\">Tenfiz tamamlanmadan \u00f6nce bor\u00e7lunun mallar\u0131n\u0131 bloke ettirebilir miyim?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Evet, Romanya mahkemesinden talep edilecek ihtiyati haciz veya \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fideki alacaklar \u00fczerine ihtiyati haciz gibi ihtiyati tedbirlerle. Yabanc\u0131 mahkemenin verdi\u011fi tedbirler Romanya'da kendili\u011finden icra edilmez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"cat-dureaza-procedura-de-exequatur-in-romania\">Romanya'da tenfiz prosed\u00fcr\u00fc ne kadar s\u00fcrer?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Romanya'da tenfiz prosed\u00fcr\u00fc, dosyan\u0131n karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na, yetkili mahkemeye ve belgelerin eksiksiz olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak genellikle yakla\u015f\u0131k 2\u20136 ay s\u00fcrer; itirazlar veya eksik belgeler bulunmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde bu s\u00fcre uzayabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Belirtilen s\u00fcre yaln\u0131zca fikir vermek amac\u0131yla payla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olup prosed\u00fcr\u00fcn s\u00fcresine ili\u015fkin garanti edilmi\u015f bir tahmin niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131maz. Uygulamada s\u00fcre, ba\u015fta mahkemelerin i\u015f y\u00fck\u00fc ve her dosyan\u0131n kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc nitelikleri olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli etkenlere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de\u011fi\u015febilir; zira mahkemeler benzer prosed\u00fcrlerde dahi farkl\u0131 duru\u015fma tarihleri verebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"se-aplica-aceeasi-procedura-pentru-o-sentinta-arbitrala\">Ayn\u0131 usul hakem kararlar\u0131 i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erli midir?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hay\u0131r. Yabanc\u0131 hakem kararlar\u0131, kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc kurallar\u0131 bulunan 1958 New York S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi uyar\u0131nca tan\u0131n\u0131r ve tenfiz edilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"ce-se-intampla-daca-debitorul-este-in-insolventa\">Bor\u00e7lu iflas halindeyse ne olur?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ferdi icra takipleri durur ve alacakl\u0131, alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iflas h\u00e2kiminin (judec\u0103tor-sindic) belirledi\u011fi s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde iflas prosed\u00fcr\u00fcne kaydettirmelidir. Yabanc\u0131 karar, alaca\u011f\u0131n kan\u0131t\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph translation-block\"><strong>Adesman &amp; Asocia\u021bii, yabanc\u0131 \u015firketlere mahkeme kararlar\u0131n\u0131n ve hakem kararlar\u0131n\u0131n Romanya'da tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ve tenfizinde, dosya incelemesinden cebri icraya kadar destek vermektedir.<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/adesman.ro\/tr\/dava-tahkim-romanya\/\">Dava ve tahkim<\/a> alan\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131m\u0131z hakk\u0131nda daha fazla bilgi edinin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"adesman-cta-lead wp-block-paragraph\">Romanya'da icra ettirmeniz gereken bir yabanc\u0131 karar m\u0131 var? Belgelerinizi inceleyip size en h\u0131zl\u0131 yolu s\u00f6yleyelim.<\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"cta-line\"><a class=\"btn\" href=\"https:\/\/adesman.ro\/tr\/iletisim\/\"><span class=\"btn__label\">Bize ula\u015f\u0131n<\/span><span class=\"btn__icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M5 12h13M13 6l6 6-6 6\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph translation-block\"><em>Bu i\u00e7erik genel bilgilendirme ama\u00e7l\u0131d\u0131r ve ki\u015fiye \u00f6zel hukuki dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131maz. Uygulanacak rejim, karar\u0131n men\u015fe devletine, davan\u0131n tarihine ve inceleme tarihinde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte olan mevzuata g\u00f6re de\u011ferlendirilmelidir.<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ob\u021binerea unei hot\u0103r\u00e2ri judec\u0103tore\u0219ti favorabile \u00een str\u0103in\u0103tate nu garanteaz\u0103, prin ea \u00eens\u0103\u0219i, recuperarea unei crean\u021be de la un debitor care are bunuri \u00een Rom\u00e2nia. Pentru ca hot\u0103r\u00e2rea s\u0103 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":450,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[55,54,56,57],"class_list":["post-449","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-litigii","tag-executare-silita","tag-exequatur","tag-hotarari-straine","tag-recuperare-creante"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Executarea hot\u0103r\u00e2rilor str\u0103ine \u00een Rom\u00e2nia | Ghid 2026<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Cum se execut\u0103 \u00een Rom\u00e2nia o hot\u0103r\u00e2re din UE, Marea Britanie, Elve\u021bia sau din afara Europei: exequatur sau nu, documente, termene \u0219i riscuri.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/adesman.ro\/tr\/yabanci-mahkeme-kararlarinin-tenfizi-romanya\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Executarea hot\u0103r\u00e2rilor str\u0103ine \u00een Rom\u00e2nia | Ghid 2026\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Cum se execut\u0103 \u00een Rom\u00e2nia o hot\u0103r\u00e2re din UE, Marea Britanie, Elve\u021bia sau din afara Europei: exequatur sau nu, documente, termene \u0219i riscuri.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/adesman.ro\/tr\/yabanci-mahkeme-kararlarinin-tenfizi-romanya\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Adesman &amp; 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